14.0 Instruction Set (Continued)
Example: Load Accumulator Immediate
LD A,
#
05
Reg/Data Contents Contents
Memory Before After
Accumulator XX Hex 05 Hex
Immediate Short. This is a special case of an immediate
instruction. In the “Load B immediate” instruction, the 4-bit
immediate value in the instruction is loaded into the lower
nibble of the B register. The upper nibble of the B register is
reset to 0000 binary.
Example: Load B Register Immediate Short
LD B,
#
7
Reg/Data Contents Contents
Memory Before After
B Pointer 12 Hex 07 Hex
Indirect from Program Memory. This is a special case of
an indirect instruction that allows access to data tables
stored in program memory. In the “Load Accumulator Indi-
rect” (LAID) instruction, the upper and lower bytes of the
Program Counter (PCU and PCL) are used temporarily as a
pointer to program memory. For purposes of accessing pro-
gram memory, the contents of the Accumulator and PCL are
exchanged. The data pointed to by the Program Counter is
loaded into the Accumulator, and simultaneously, the original
contents of PCL are restored so that the program can re-
sume normal execution.
Example: Load Accumulator Indirect
LAID
Reg/Data Contents Contents
Memory Before After
PCU 04 Hex 04 Hex
PCL 35 Hex 36 Hex
Accumulator 1F Hex 25 Hex
Memory Location 25 Hex 25 Hex
041F Hex
14.3.2 Tranfer-of-Control Addressing Modes
Program instructions are usually executed in sequential or-
der. However, Jump instructions can be used to change the
normal execution sequence. Several transfer-of-control ad-
dressing modes are available to specify jump addresses.
A change in program flow requires a non-incremental
change in the Program Counter contents. The Program
Counter consists of two bytes, designated the upper byte
(PCU) and lower byte (PCL). The most significant bit of PCU
is not used, leaving 15 bits to address the program memory.
Different addressing modes are used to specify the new
address for the Program Counter. The choice of addressing
mode depends primarily on the distance of the jump. Farther
jumps sometimes require more instruction bytes in order to
completely specify the new Program Counter contents.
The available transfer-of-control addressing modes are:
•
Jump Relative
•
Jump Absolute
•
Jump Absolute Long
•
Jump Indirect
The transfer-of-control addressing modes are described be-
low. Each description includes an example of a Jump in-
struction using a particular addressing mode, and the effect
on the Program Counter bytes of executing that instruction.
Jump Relative. In this 1-byte instruction, six bits of the
instruction opcode specify the distance of the jump from the
current program memory location. The distance of the jump
can range from −31 to +32. A JP+1 instruction is not allowed.
The programmer should use a NOP instead.
Example: Jump Relative
JP 0A
Reg Contents Contents
Before After
PCU 02 Hex 02 Hex
PCL 05 Hex 0F Hex
Jump Absolute. In this 2-byte instruction, 12 bits of the
instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Program
Counter. The upper three bits of the Program Counter re-
main unchanged, restricting the new Program Counter ad-
dress to the same 4 kbyte address space as the current
instruction.
(This restriction is relevant only in devices using more than
one 4 kbyte program memory space.)
Example: Jump Absolute
JMP 0125
Reg Contents Contents
Before After
PCU 0C Hex 01 Hex
PCL 77 Hex 25 Hex
Jump Absolute Long. In this 3-byte instruction, 15 bits of
the instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Pro-
gram Counter.
Example: Jump Absolute Long
JMP 03625
Reg/ Contents Contents
Memory Before After
PCU 42 Hex 36 Hex
PCL 36 Hex 25 Hex
Jump Indirect. In this 1-byte instruction, the lower byte of
the jump address is obtained from a table stored in program
memory, with the Accumulator serving as the low order byte
of a pointer into program memory. For purposes of access-
ing program memory, the contents of the Accumulator are
written to PCL (temporarily). The data pointed to by the
Program Counter (PCH/PCL) is loaded into PCL, while PCH
remains unchanged.
Example: Jump Indirect
JID
Reg/ Contents Contents
Memory Before After
PCU 01 Hex 01 Hex
PCL C4 Hex 32 Hex
Accumulator 26 Hex 26 Hex
Memory
COP8SG Family
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